My Writing As An Inquiry - 1263 Words

I have gained a vast amount of knowledge and other skills during my semester in â€Å"Writing as an inquiry†. Not only were my writing skills improved, my understanding of rhetoric increased as well. This was done through teacher instruction, class participation, and assignments. Up to this point, I completed four projects in the semester. Each project being very different and improving my writing, rhetoric, communication skills, and testing my creativity. The first project that was assigned in the class was a Learning Narrative. The goal of this assignment was to write about a profound learning moment that occurred in my life. Another goal of this assignment was to expand my knowledge on rhetoric. This assignment was when I was first†¦show more content†¦A lightbulb clicked and I decided to use Lifetime gym as my culture and a dumbbell as my artifact. The next step of this project was to compare my culture and artifact with another culture. The biggest obstacle I fac ed was having to be creative and think about how other people and cultures may view the dumbbell. It was difficult to pick just one certain group and try to hypothesis how they may view the dumbbell. I chose to think of how people of low income and countries in poverty may view the dumbbell. I hypothesized they most likely do not have access to the dumbbell. Therefore, not knowing what it is, or having to use other heavy objects as a substitute for a dumbbell. This project was very interesting and eye opening. An object like a dumbbell, which I have very easy access to, is not easily accessible for everyone. Without this project, I would not have thought of a broader culture. It makes me grateful to be able to have such easy access to a dumbbell, which others in countries in poverty may not have the luxury of. I reached the goals of this assignment. I was able to think of a specific artifact and describe it in specific detail. I then thought of a few broader cultures and was able to compare a specific culture to mine. Project three was the remix project. The goals of this project were to be able to take writing and turn it into a visual. In a group with two other people, we would use the phrase â€Å"AShow MoreRelatedQuestions : How Did Wra110 Improved My Writing Skills?932 Words   |  4 PagesInquiry questions: How did WRA110 have improved my writing skills? I have attended WRA 110 almost four months and I appreciate that I have a deeper and further impression about American college writing. Since I am an international student, honestly, I am not good at writing at all, I have to spend more time on fixing some grammar problems in writing, especially, analyzing article. Sometimes I even very struggle with how to write it clear for readers, but after I accepted advice from professors andRead MoreReflective Writing1241 Words   |  5 PagesHow do I . . . Write a Reflection? Why reflective writing? Reflection offers you the opportunity to consider how your personal experiences and observations shape your thinking and your acceptance of new ideas. Professors often ask students to write reading reflections. They do this to encourage you to explore your own ideas about a text, to express your opinion rather than summarise the opinions of others. Reflective writing can help you to improve your analytical skills because it requiresRead MorePlanning And Managing Inquiry Instruction Essay740 Words   |  3 Pagesmanaging inquiry instruction is very essential. The following is a brief lesson plan outline about the beginning stage of sound waves. This outline uses questions that are appropriate for different phases of each of the 5-E model. The lesson that I observed is about how sound waves travel in the inner ear to including the ear drum. This was taught through class discussions and an experiment. Essential Question/Topic: Sound waves, â€Å"How do we hear sounds?† Engagement- These are the inquiry based questionsRead MoreThe Stages Of Critical Thinking1511 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Thinking, Written/Oral Communication and Shared Inquiry, serving as reflective tools to aid in identifying the progress of my learning journey, while participating in Seminar 102: Western Tradition I. Of the thirteen learning outcomes provided, I will describe the progression of my learnings through the lens of Shared Inquiry learning outcome: Pursue new and enriched understandings of the texts through sustained collaborative inquiry. This particular learning outcome fostered both new andRead MoreQuestions On Chinese Learners Of English Fit Very Well With The Course944 Words   |  4 Pagescome up on many occasions in our class. In the end however I chose the qualitative article from Villalve. My primary justification for this is that the article is so different from the readings we have done in class that I feel it has something more unique to contribute. The primary focus of the article was to consider diverse literacy practices in detail and also to look at approaches to inquiry, learning, and meaning making. In order to do this, Villalve took a case study approach to look at two 17Read MoreAfrican American And American Writing1591 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican-American writing is the collection of writing created in the United States by journalists of African heritage. It starts with the works of such late 18th-century essayists as Phillis Wheatley. Prior to the high purpose of slave stories, African-American writing was commanded via self-portraying profound accounts. African-American writing came to ahead of schedule high focuses with slave accounts of the nineteenth century. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was a period of blooming writing and humanRead MoreThe Snapshot Autobiography Is Having Student931 Words   |  4 Pages but also being able to narrow this key events down to only a few while still effective telling their story. In their inquiry lesson, the students are presented with multiple perspectives and point of views of all parties involved in the inquiry question asked. From there, they are refining their hypothesis and leaving in only the main attributes to effectively answer the inquiry question in their final thesis statement. By having an opportunity to have a master list up on the board where studentsRead MoreCommunity Service in Secondary Schools 1070 Words   |  4 PagesFindings from the Inquiry Process In completing each method of the inquiry process, new perspectives were brought forth and valuable information was gathered. The three methods included the media report, the literature review, and the interview assignment. In all approaches, new voices emerged to discuss the topic of community service in secondary schools to a specific audience. By completing the media report, I gained insight on what many people are exposed to when they want to read about communityRead MoreAssignment 1767 Words   |  4 PagesQ1) How can an educator clear the confusion of language with an ESL student on content which is not familiar in their country of origin? My plan to discovering this answer is to find out if anybody from our class was born outside of American than ask how they learned a topic such as the American measurement system which not common outside of America. Q2) How could students acquired immersion in their learning if given the opportunity to pick what they want to write about through a student-controlledRead MoreEssay on Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology1090 Words   |  5 PagesReflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past. While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in the

Lit1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Essay - 2863 Words

Part A (The report) Part B (The memorandum) Student Name Western Governors University Part A (The report) Determining what type of business venture to either start or invest in can be challenging. Over the next several pages we will evaluate the various types of business organizations and at the end of this report; you should have an initial or better understanding of the different types of business forms. Sole Proprietorship: The word proprietorship can sound intimidating. It is important to remember that most things are simplified with knowledge. If your business is a sole proprietorship then you as an individual are the owner and operator of that business. This means the sole proprietor handles everything from setting up†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Control: A sole proprietor has total control of the company and they make all the good decisions and they must deal with decisions that did not turn out the way they intend. The other notable factor in being a sole proprietor of a business is what would happen to the business if the owner became ill or died; typically the business would stop operations based on the structure and debts would need to be resolved as well as customer commitments would need resolving based on the type of business. †¢ Profit Retention: In addition to reaping the profits from the business, the sole individual is also responsible for all debts in curred and for paying expenditures of the business. †¢ Location: In addition to federal laws that govern business a sole proprietorship is governed by the state laws in which it operates. If the proprietor opens another business location in a different state. The new state laws will govern the other business location therefore requiring the proprietor to understand and be compliant with more than one state laws based on the location of the business. (Beatty Samuelson, 2007, pp. 755-756) General Partnership: Occurs when two or more individuals get together to operate a business with the intention of making profit. Each individual is a general partner of the business and all profits and losses are shared between the partners. General partnership agreements can be a written or verbal agreement. †¢Show MoreRelatedLit1 Task 310.1.2-01-062176 Words   |  9 Pages1      Part A Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is a form of business that is owned by a single individual.   †¢ Liability – Due to the lack of legal distinction between the owner and the business, the owner is fully responsible and liable for all debts that the business incurs in the same manner that an individual is fully responsible and liable for all debts that they incur. There is no legal distinction between the assets of the owner of the sole proprietorship and the business; thisRead MoreLit1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Essay examples1487 Words   |  6 PagesLIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Part A Sole Proprietorship - †¢ LIABILITY – There is no separation between the individual and the business. As the owner and operator of a sole proprietorship, all of the profit and loss is the personal responsibility of the business owner creating unlimited liability. †¢ INCOME TAXES – As a sole proprietor all business income or losses must be reported as personal income tax. The business itself is not taxed separately. †¢ LONGEVITY/CONTINUITY – The sole proprietorshipRead MoreWGU LIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-063823 Words   |  16 PagesPart A (The Report) Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is the most common form of forming a business in the United States. The individual that forms the sole proprietorship and the business is one in the same. For example, if the business owes creditors money, the individual who created the sole proprietorship business has to pay the bill. When entering into contracts the individual is actually agreeing to the contract since the person and business is one in the same. The biggest advantageRead MoreEssay about Lit1 Task 310.1.2-01-062862 Words   |  12 PagesSole Proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the most common form of business in the United States. It is a relatively simple way for an individual to start a business since legal costs and business requirements are minimal, and the owner has complete control over the business. Though a sole proprietor is not responsible for any corporate tax payments, the owner is responsible for taxes incurred on the income generated from the business as part of his or her personal income tax payments, and personallyRead MoreStudy Notes for Task 11269 Words   |  6 Pages†ºAdd account Sign out Settings LIT1 Task1.pdfAdd to DriveEdit onlineDownload originalShareFileViewHelp SUBDOMAIN 310.1 - BUSINESS LAW Competency 310.1.2: Organizational Forms - The graduate can select the appropriate form of organization for a business. 310.1.2-01: Differentiate between a sole proprietorship and general partnership. 310.1.2-02: Differentiate between a general partnership and a limited partnership. 310.1.2-03: Identify the distinguishing characteristicsRead MoreLit1 Task a Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesLIT1: Task 310.1.2-01-06 Task A Sole proprietorship 1. Liability * An owner has unlimited liability both personally and as the company owner. Liability is a disadvantage in a sole proprietorship. 2. Income taxes * The owner is responsible for filing taxes and is allowed to file taxes as part of their personal income taxes. 3. Longevity * This depends completely on the owner and there continued ability to operate the business. The operation of the business can be significantlyRead MoreSample Resume : Business Management1551 Words   |  7 PagesNatasha Rodas LIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Part A Sole Proprietorship – As a sole proprietor, you own your business solely; no other interested parties are involved. †¢ LIABLITY – The business is controlled and operated solely by the individual, and all profit/loss is the responsibility of the business owner; creating unlimited liability. †¢ INCOME TAXES – All business income/expenses are to be reported as personal income tax; not taxed separately. †¢ LONGEVITY/CONTINUITY – Once the business owner is

Audio Production Free Essays

For my paper I chose the audio production and engineering relating to the Music field. Music is not only beats and rhymes; it is a statement of life, and now days a way to make a fortune. It relaxes, motivates and is a great hobby for the idol one. We will write a custom essay sample on Audio Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to this Music has been around for more than a thousand years and has a very colossal impact on every existing culture while still developing with new innovative sounds, techniques and not to mention jobs. Today there are over 2 million jobs in the audio production and engineer field. People use music to relax and express one’s self as well as their culture. Take the Native Americans as well as Africans Americans for example. They are infamous in using drums to beat for entertainment at gatherings. Denying that music is not a form of popular culture in my opinion is asinine. Over the broad plans of the scorching hot plantations which the field workers in the 1600’s worked; under these extreme inhumane living conditions the slaves were subjected to, they would hum tunes that would get them through their times of atrocity and calamity. With over a billion songs in existence today, it is hard to imagine that anyone has never heard a song before and for most people inspired by at least one of them. There is a big controversy stating that rap music has, and is still influencing our younger generation and to certain amplitude I agree. The jails across America are being filled to capacity over violent confrontations in our streets. Many killings are occurring after bar and nightclub shootings from local gang members using drugs and playing rap music. Some of the music being listened to is introducing children to drugs sex and jail could this be all bad? Surly not! Studying the lyrics to some of your most hated rap songs my just provide you with some of the problems our society faces and the solutions that will help us surmount them. How to cite Audio Production, Essay examples

Hall Essay Example For Students

Hall Essay Of House Of UsherFall of the House of Usher During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundlessday in autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in theheavens is the opening sentence to the ever strange The Fall of theHouse of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe (1373). This sentence pretty much simplifiesthe mood of this gothic tale of death and the supernatural. This storyencompasses a unique setting which acts out the story by itself. Much emphasisis placed on the looks and feeling that the house gives to the unnamed narrator. Through the use of imagery this great poet sets the mood or foreshadows what isexpected to come. The ever presence of the mansion of gloom causesthe reader to imply that only evil and death shall arise from the house (Poe1374). Imagery, when used correctly, can be a mighty weapon that gives any storya certain feeling different from others. Imagery sets the stage to give thereader an idea of what the setting is and how it effects the outcome of thestory. In the introduction of this tale the narrator approaches a house of along time friend, Roderick Usher, and has a sense of insufferable gloompervading my spirit (Poe 1374). To the narrator the windows appear to bevacant and eye-style and the narrator goes on to observethe rank edges, and the black and lurid tarn, in whichhe sees the reflection of the house. He later says, when I again upliftedmy eyes to house itself, from its image in the pool, there grew a strangefancy (Poe 1376). Although the narrator tried to view everything hesees in a rational manner, upon seeing the house and its surroundings, he has asense of superstition. He goes on to say that, about the whole mansion anddomain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediatevicinity (Poe 1377). This statement indicates that perhaps the house doesindeed have supernatural characteristics. The narrator also notices the fungi onthe walls and the poor structure of the house and suggest that somethingpossibly supernatural is holding the house intact, otherwise it would havefallen to the ground long ago. The setting is shown to be the house itself andall of these quotations concrete the fact that Poe used various gloomydescriptions in order to get across the total evil that encompasses the house. Death is apparent and is in the air because the house is ghostly andeverything involving the Mathusalehistic (Bible) house. Setting can not just bequarantined by itself when analyzing a story because many details make up theoverall setting. Setting is not limited to concrete objects and places but afeeling can also be the inner setting of the story. In The Fall of the House ofUsher several great aspects of the setting are death, supernatural, evil, andeverything else from the dark side of the spectrum. In the story there is anincrease of negativity on the atmosphere of sorrow, which turns to one of greatevil, which leads to death: death of Roderick Usher. It is in the atmosphere andcreates a living nightmare for Roderick. It is a nightmare that wants to escapebut cannot that is he can not escape the nightmare alive. In this story deathis not considered as a bad occurrence, especially for Usher, who uses death ashis only means of escape: his only way to freedom. And in the end Lady M adelineof Usher seeks revenge on Roderick but she does not know that he welcomes death. .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .postImageUrl , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:hover , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:visited , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:active { border:0!important; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:active , .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa16440016cbee32e9d3c4b061a4a80a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment hearings EssayUsher preferred death than the hellish prison his life was becoming. It isdeath, in the fall of Usher; Usher finally has peace- he finally has freedom. Poe uses death and evil as the main non-concrete setting of the story. The wholeentire story revolves around this feeling of death and becomes a major settingof the story. The setting of any story greatly influences what the reader issuppose to perceive from what will happen and what is actually happening. In thestory The Fall of the House of Usher Poe with the use of imagery gives thereader a sense of the total evil of the house. The mood for the story can beseen rather early on and is intended to get the reader in the right frame ofmind for what is about to happen. Poe also used a thought or feeling as asetting. He incorporated evil and death into the story and these became its maintheme: I shall perish, I must perish in this deplorable folly.- I feelthat I must abandon life and reason together I my struggles with some fataldemon of fears (Poe 1378-1379).

Who Discoverd America Essays - Viking Exploration Of North America

Who Discoverd America The Paleolithic ancestors of the native Americans are the true original inhabitants of America, but many others deserve credit as well for the discovery of the land. Among these are Leif Erickson and the Vikings of Norway, and Christopher Columbus of Spain. Without these early visitors to the land, America would not be the thriving nation it is today. Fifteen to forty thousand years ago the first settlers of America came to the land by way of the Bering Straight. Some believe the Pacific Ocean was much lower than it is now and these early migrants could have walked across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Others believe they used small Kayaks or walked across an ice cap. These first settlers were the Paleolithic ancestors of the Native Americans. These Asians were nomadic hunters and found the land while following herds of animal's eastward. After the first band of settlers many more came who soon spread across what is now the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Present day archaeologists have unearthed many Paleolithic artifacts such as campsites, primitive tools and weapons of the early settlers. With the ability to carbon 14 test these artifacts, scientists were able to confirm that they were here as early as 4000 BC. Somewhere around 1000 AD, Leif Erickson discovered North America for the Vikings of Greenland. According to Icelandic sagas, Leif boarded his ship with thirty-five other men and sailed south of Greenland. Their first stop was somewhere near the present day Baffin Islands. He also visited a place, which he called Vineland, meaning wine land, where they found many grapes and made wine to take back to their homeland in Greenland. Leif and his crew spent the winter in Vineland and built a large house and a shed to protect their ship. No one knows the exact location of Vineland, but estimate it is somewhere in northern Newfoundland. Archaeologists found the ruins of an old Viking settlement in north Newfoundland around 1960 and suggested it might have been Vineland. Although some historians suggest that Leif must have traveled further south because grapes do not grow that far north. Other explorers sailed from Greenland to Vineland for fifteen more years. They might have even settled, but attacks by the Native Americans deterred them. After Leif Erickson and the Vikings came Christopher Columbus and the Spaniards. They were searching for the Spice Islands of the Indies, but mistakenly landed in the Bahamas in 1492. Christopher Columbus was an Italian who had a great plan to open up a new trade route to the Indies. His plan was to sail west and end up in Japan in less time than it would take to go by land. Columbus planned to sell his idea and get ?sponsored? for his trip. Spain took him up on his deal and gave him money and ships to make his voyage in hopes that he would bring back spices and other precious materials to Spain. Columbus set sail and headed west. He found land three months later. Believing he had found the Indies he named the inhabitants Indians. This name had stuck with the Native Americans even to the present day. Columbus made three more trips to the new land not knowing he had discovered America. He died in 1506 never knowing of his tremendous discovery. So the reason he gets all the credit is b ecause he came back to civilized England and announced his findings. The Indians did not. Although the Paleolithic ancestors of the Native Americans were the true discoverers of America, Leif Erickson and Christopher Columbus deserve some credit also. Each discovered the land for their people and added another chapter to our history. History Essays

2nd Grade Math Course of Study

2nd Grade Math Course of Study The following list provides you with the basic concepts that should be attained by the end of the school year. Mastery of the concepts at the previous grade is assumed. Numbers Read print numbers to 20 and locate, compare, order, represent, estimate, identify numbers to 1000 and mentally add and subtract numbers to 20Understand place value to be able to trade 10 ones for a ten, etc.Count by 1s, 2s, 5s, 10s beyond 100.Locate numbers when requested to 1000Understand the reverse properties of whole numbers 57 is the same as 75Add and subtract two-digit numbers (no carrying/regrouping)Introduction to division using sharing as examplesCount by skipping numbers when requestedAdd and subtract coins up to $1.00Compute word problems with addition and subtraction, (We have 20 children in swimming class, 8 are boys, how many are girls?) Measurement Use and understand more than, less than, the same as, heavier than, lighter than, taller than etc.Measure with a variety of cups, rulers and measuring spoonsTime - hours, minutes and secondsUse the terms inches, feet, yards, centimeters, meters etc.Know the months of the year and tell time to the quarter hourUse a thermometer and count money to a dollar including being able to create different sets that equal a dollarCompare a variety of measurement tools Geometry Describe, identify, create and sort and build with shapes (squares, triangles, circles, rectangles etc.)Identify a variety of geometric shapes in everyday structuresCompare and sort 2- and 3-dimensional shapes (3-D terms include sphere, prism cones etc.)Extend and make patterns with shapesDetermine lines of symmetry, flips, slides, turns, and transformations of shapesDescribe locations on a grid - up four and over two etc. Algebra/Patterning Identify, describe, reorganize and extend patterns with more than one attributeGive specific rules about patterns for numbers, shapes, pictures, and objectsIdentify and describe patterns in the world around us (wallpaper, paint etc) Probability Use graphs to record number of pets, hair color temperature with 1 and 2 attributesDesign or construct bar graphs and include pertinent informationInterpret a variety of picture and bar graphs and give explanationsInvestigate what happens when coins are flipped and die are rolled All Grades Pre-K Kdg. Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 5 Gr. 6 Gr. 7 Gr. 8 Gr. 9 Gr. 10 Gr.11 Gr. 12

Bias Rhetorical Devices

The campaigner calls him a fighting liberal and friend of the working man but gives no examples of why he feels that way. The speech is full of rhetorical devices, using analytical definitions to create emotion in the listeners. Charles Foster Kane points out that his only purpose is to â€Å"point out and make public, the dishonesty and downright villainy of Jim Getty’s political machine†. He is using hyperbole in this statement in order to exaggerate his viewpoint. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples He states that â€Å"this machine is in complete control of the government of the State† causing the people to react since this is the very situation our founding fathers hoped to avoid when creating the United States Constitution. Kane is also aligning himself with those he knows will be more likely to vote within his party lines such as the working man, slum child, underpaid, underprivileged and underfed. He realizes that by exaggerating the power contained by Jim Gettys and his Administration, he will rally the folks not usually interested into voting for him, by telling them they deserve so much more. He uses the argument from outrage to express how diabolical the existing government is in order to persuade the people that definitive change is needed. Various fallacies are prominent throughout the speech. One of the fallacies is the determination that Kane will be voted Governor based on the polls. However, since the election has not even begun, it is impossible for him to draw this conclusion. Also, we see the group think fallacy where Kane describes himself as the friend of the lower classes, making believe he is one of them. Argument by popularity is used when Kane assumes that the polls indicate his obvious triumph in the upcoming election and reflect him as the winner and most popular choice for voters. He is also using scare tactics when stating that the current Government has complete control over the state, and that they are a dictatorship. In all of the above cases, no information is given to support the claims being made. How did the speaker address arguments and counter arguments? The speaker’s arguments are unclear since he did not use common premise and conclusion statements. There are no comparisons between what Kane feels has already been done versus what he intends to do. However, he is making the claim that he will be elected as Governor based on the poll information. He also makes the biased claims against the Administration of Jim Gettys and the control it has over the State Government at that time. His argument leads to the unspoken conclusion that the existing government does not care for the ordinary people and that he intends to change the focus of the government to care for the decent, the underpaid, underfed, underprivileged, working men and slum children. Therefore, Kane would be the better choice as the Governor for the people of that State. I do not see any evidence of counter arguments since at no point does he state another person’s claim and argue against that. Were the speaker’s arguments effective? Explain your answer. The speaker’s arguments were effective in invoking an emotional response from the listeners and persuade them that they should not vote for the existing Governor. His use of political rhetoric and fallacies were effective in creating doubt about the honesty of Gettys and his Administration. Kane wanted to expose the existing government as corrupt, uncaring and in complete control of all of their lives. He succeeded at this by using statements to invoke anger which is usually substituted for reason. There are no conclusive promises made, other than to indict and convict Jim Gettys. Therefore, the people have no idea what policies or promises Kane intends to put into practice. Although the arguments were effective in persuasive techniques, they were not sound. There were no details or facts to support his claims that Kane specifically, would make a better Governor. Bias Rhetorical Devices The campaigner calls him a fighting liberal and friend of the working man but gives no examples of why he feels that way. The speech is full of rhetorical devices, using analytical definitions to create emotion in the listeners. Charles Foster Kane points out that his only purpose is to â€Å"point out and make public, the dishonesty and downright villainy of Jim Getty’s political machine†. He is using hyperbole in this statement in order to exaggerate his viewpoint. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples He states that â€Å"this machine is in complete control of the government of the State† causing the people to react since this is the very situation our founding fathers hoped to avoid when creating the United States Constitution. Kane is also aligning himself with those he knows will be more likely to vote within his party lines such as the working man, slum child, underpaid, underprivileged and underfed. He realizes that by exaggerating the power contained by Jim Gettys and his Administration, he will rally the folks not usually interested into voting for him, by telling them they deserve so much more. He uses the argument from outrage to express how diabolical the existing government is in order to persuade the people that definitive change is needed. Various fallacies are prominent throughout the speech. One of the fallacies is the determination that Kane will be voted Governor based on the polls. However, since the election has not even begun, it is impossible for him to draw this conclusion. Also, we see the group think fallacy where Kane describes himself as the friend of the lower classes, making believe he is one of them. Argument by popularity is used when Kane assumes that the polls indicate his obvious triumph in the upcoming election and reflect him as the winner and most popular choice for voters. He is also using scare tactics when stating that the current Government has complete control over the state, and that they are a dictatorship. In all of the above cases, no information is given to support the claims being made. How did the speaker address arguments and counter arguments? The speaker’s arguments are unclear since he did not use common premise and conclusion statements. There are no comparisons between what Kane feels has already been done versus what he intends to do. However, he is making the claim that he will be elected as Governor based on the poll information. He also makes the biased claims against the Administration of Jim Gettys and the control it has over the State Government at that time. His argument leads to the unspoken conclusion that the existing government does not care for the ordinary people and that he intends to change the focus of the government to care for the decent, the underpaid, underfed, underprivileged, working men and slum children. Therefore, Kane would be the better choice as the Governor for the people of that State. I do not see any evidence of counter arguments since at no point does he state another person’s claim and argue against that. Were the speaker’s arguments effective? Explain your answer. The speaker’s arguments were effective in invoking an emotional response from the listeners and persuade them that they should not vote for the existing Governor. His use of political rhetoric and fallacies were effective in creating doubt about the honesty of Gettys and his Administration. Kane wanted to expose the existing government as corrupt, uncaring and in complete control of all of their lives. He succeeded at this by using statements to invoke anger which is usually substituted for reason. There are no conclusive promises made, other than to indict and convict Jim Gettys. Therefore, the people have no idea what policies or promises Kane intends to put into practice. Although the arguments were effective in persuasive techniques, they were not sound. There were no details or facts to support his claims that Kane specifically, would make a better Governor.

David Coles Interview with Dr. Franciszek Piper Essay

David Coles Interview with Dr. Franciszek Piper - Essay Example However, I feel that when you carry out research like how Cole did you need to be authentic yourself before other people can acknowledge the seriousness of your study. Cole had disguised himself as a Jew, even though he didn’t believe in the Jews. I understand why he did it. Instead he could have approached the research by identifying himself as someone who is truly interested in the holocaust history. He pretended to be a righteous Jew because he has assumed the official will not give accurate information. This they did anyways. Furthermore, his discovery of the gas chambers and their actual function as disinfestation chambers came about through detailed evaluation of the sites instead of from people he interviewed. There is no reason to disguise. As far as the evidence he got from his research that the gas chambers during the World War 2 had been actually disinfestation chambers. Cremation and gassing infrequency show that the myth of millions of Jews died during the War had been false. I agree that most of the evidence do not collaborate with the so called history presented by Jews to the world. Coles evidence indicates that there is a need to re-evaluate the holocaust

Business Strategy & Strategic Management Assignment

Business Strategy & Strategic Management - Assignment Example The Blue Ocean’s strategic concept is seen to attempt to essentially represent all the various potential markets that are seen to as yet not exist and must therefore be created. The blue Ocean Strategy was first proposed by INSEAD’s professors Kim and Mauborgne in the year 2005 (Uden, et al. 2013).As proposed by Kim and Mauborgne, the Blue Ocean Strategy fundamentally suggests that companies should attempt to create new demand across various uncontested market spaces with the sole objective of attempting to avoid competition. In line with the Blue Ocean Strategy, companies are required to ensure that they break down the traditional wall used in product definition, carefully rethink and re-strategize on exactly how their service or product will eventually be positioned in the market and eventually develop a series of new products as a result of their endeavors to ensure that they always attempt to think outside the box (Wong, 2010). According to Todd and Bessant (2011), as a result of the blue ocean strategic concept, it is normal for new markets to be created due to the challenging of the various boundaries that are seen to exist between different markets and industries, however, there at times happens to be whole new industries created as exemplified by those that in recent years have been seen to have been spawned by the internet. As such, it is evidently clear that both new entrants and incumbents play a crucial role in the formation of these new markets (Tidd and Bessant, 2011). Professor’s Kim and Mauborgne distinguish the Blue Ocean Strategies by attempting to try and compare them to the more traditional form of thinking which are seen to constitute of the Red Ocean Strategies (Ziesak, 2009). As opposed to the Red Ocean strategy of developing new products that compete in the currently existing market space, companies should ensure that they develop new products that have been positioned in uncontested market spaces which is in line wi th the Blue Ocean strategy. The Blue Ocean strategy also aims to try and make the competition irrelevant as opposed to attempting to beat this same competition as is commonly seen in a Red Ocean strategy (Siegemund, 2008). While the Red Ocean strategy attempt to try and fight for a share of the existing customers and market segment, the Blue Ocean strategy as proposed by Professors Kim and Mauborgn

Expository Essay Essay Example for Free

Expository Essay Essay When Anatole France wrote â€Å"to know is nothing at all; to imagine is everything,† he means imagination is very important to life and success. For example, Dr. Seuss had a wild imagination and he was very successful. Also, imagination led to many successful inventions. A world without imagination is like a world with nothing but old businessmen in work suits; very boring. To begin, Dr. Seuss had a wildly active imagination. He wrote everything from â€Å"Green Eggs and Ham,† to â€Å"Horton Hears a Who,† and â€Å"The Lorax. † Similarly, all these stories have made up characters, animals, and even words. The way he wrote these stories inspired numerous kids to have active imaginations. Also, he has inspired more than just kids, even the directors of the drama club at Jackson Memorial High School were inspired by him. Hence, last year the high school did one giant play that combined most of his stories, and made it into a musical. All in all, Dr. Seuss’ imagination led to his extremely successful career. In addition, every invention, successful or failure needs imagination. For example, the Wright brothers had to have some imagination to be able to build the first airplane. Although the first few attempts weren’t successful they never gave up. If it wasn’t for them, there would be no such things as airplanes and we would have to travel to far places by boat or car. Another famous inventor was Steve Jobs. He invented and co-founded Apple computers. Although his first computers were completely terrible, he never gave up. Now, Apple is one of the best companies in the stock market and they just keep inventing new products. If Jobs never imagined about a completely new computer, there would be no such thing as an Iphone or Mac computers. In short, it is impossible not to have imagination when it comes to inventing something. To summarize, imagination is crucial to life and success. For example, Dr. Seuss was a very successful author for his imaginary worlds and characters. In addition, many inventors had very active imaginations, like the Wright brothers and Steve Jobs. If it wasn’t for them, our lives would be more difficult than it already is. In conclusion, the world without imagination  is just simply boring.

Legality :: essays research papers

Today the vast majority of authors get little or no income from copyright royalties. For instance, scientific, technical, and academic journals usually pay nothing to their authors, and most scientific, technical and academic books earn only a few hundred dollars in royalties. Newspaper writers work on salary, and so do magazine writers, or they are free lancers who are paid a flat rate, not a royalty. Only a tiny percentage of authors make any significant portion of their personal income from royalties. Even in the case of books, typically only around five percent of the retail price goes back to the author. Yes, it is good for writers to be paid, but copyright royalties are a very inefficient way of doing it. So why was copyright developed? It was because of the invention of the printing press. For thousands of years, the only way written works could be duplicated was through a slow and extremely expensive process of copying by hand. But then the printing press was invented and it became possible to produce an unlimited number of inexpensive copies. However, there was a catch. To produce a printed book requires a very large expense ahead of time for things like editing, typesetting, running off at least a few hundred copies of the book, and promotion. A publisher would be willing to invest all this money only if it knew it would have exclusive rights to publish the book. Otherwise any book that was a hit would immediately be copied by other publishers, and the original publisher would get little or no return on its investment. So copyright law was created to promote publishing so that the public could enjoy the fruits of the new technology of printing. We have copyright for music recordings for the same reason. The invention of the phonograph made possible cheap copies of music. However, a great deal of money is required to produce the record--recording studio time, paying musicians, editing, producing a master, producing records at a factory--and also for promoting and distributing it. Copyright for music guarantees exclusive rights to sell a record, so music companies are willing to put up the money ahead of time to produce records in hopes they will make a profits from them. So copyright was invented so that society could enjoy the fruits of new inventions for reproducing works. But now we have new technologies that radically change the economics of reproduction.

Lost in a Forest

Katrina Pham Ms. Leang English 1 HP, Period 1 3 October 2012 Lost in a Forest â€Å"It’s too dark, Katrina. I can’t see! † cried Christopher, my baby cousin. â€Å"Slow down! If I lose you, the monsters are going to swallow me whole. † I heard him, but his whimpers only exacerbated the situation, which was already worsening by the second. The sun had nearly disappeared behind the mountain, and the darkness was quickly claiming the night. Out of instinct, I grabbed his hand and we ran as quickly as we could wherever there was a path.Not even in my wildest dream could I have imagined how easily our pleasant afternoon stroll could turn into the chilling experience of my life, the night Christopher and I got lost in the forest by ourselves. With each of us and our crazy schedules, summer was the best time for my entire family to unwind and enjoy a delightful vacation together. It was quite the struggle trying to agree on the perfect destination. â€Å"I think we should go to Africa and see that fat giraffe I saw on Tumblr,† I suggested as my family listened to my silly reasoning. â€Å"Be quiet, weirdo.Deciding because of tumblr is just foolish. Let me and Percian decide, so we’d at least have a better reason,† Leon, my 16-year-old brother, retorted back almost instantaneously. â€Å"If you like animals so much, what about going to the Brazilian Amazon? There’s nice scenery and pretty animals, I think,† My 17-year-old brother, Percian, said excitingly. â€Å"Oh really? Like that’s a better reason! † I giggled, pointing at Leon. â€Å"Let’s hope no one gets lost in that forest,† Percian chuckled and glared at me. Surely, he should have knocked on wood after that, but no one could have seen what was in store for us.Nevertheless, it was settled; my parents decided to go with Percian’s idea, and to bring Chris along while his parents were on a business travel. We stayed at the Tropical Manaus, a hotel that was just 50 yards from the forest. Tropical Manaus had a beautiful pool centered between two tall buildings, with a coffee shop nearby. The suite we stayed in had a warm element that reminded us of home. From the patio, you could see a forest of palm trees bordering a stunning yard that housed a mini zoo packed with colorful parrots, playful monkeys, and even frolicking baby leopards. Tropical Manaus was truly an exquisite resort of the Amazon.My parents unpacked as I ran to find Chris. My mom yelled for both Leon and Percian to look after me, but they were busy with their own exploration. Chris chased me around the lobby, filled with excitement since we knew Brazil would be the perfect place to play hide and seek. We ran and laughed nonstop, as we found different places to hide. Caught up in the moment, I could not care about anything more than our simple chasing; much less realize how far we were from our protection of our guardians. And, it was that neglectful and irresponsibility that would lead to the greatest terrifying experience of my life.After nearly an hour of playing, Chris and I decided that this was the last round of hide and seek. So, I ran to find the ultimate hiding place. I hid under behind one of the palm trees, and heard my cousin’s footsteps. Not wanting to get caught by him, I swiftly dashed away from the zoo towards the farther palm tree. Although little did I know by then, we were unintentionally running into the Amazon Forest. I thought afterwards what a poor job my brothers had done looking after me. When my cousin and I cooled off, we looked around for a way back to the hotel.Eventually, none of scenes around appeared familiar. There was a moment when I thought we had walked into a maze that did not lead you near the final destination even if you strolled back to your previous traces. â€Å"Oh My God! I am so not going to sleep here! We got to find our way back before it is dark,† I de clared to my cousin. But, the insistent breeze blew the trees back and forth relentlessly, yielding eerie noises and creepy shadows throughout the forest. My cousin looked as pale as the fog surrounded him. My head kept twirling back and forth to search for any hint back to the hotel.We wanted to search back to the place where we started, but it seemed impossible. I suspected the trees itself for hiding the right path. My cousin and I lost track of time while we circled around the forest like vagabonds. â€Å"It is already pitched black! I’m sleepy. Let’s stop somewhere and sleep,† Chris whined. â€Å"Are you crazy? Sleeping in the middle of a forest? Bugs will bite without mercy! † â€Å"Whatever, you’re just over thinking it because you’re scared of animals and insects! † We walked around nowhere until the discord work of the night creatures began soon after the sky became entirely dark blue.The cacophony of the birds could make me stay up all night. I told myself however people symbolize birds, their singings are not even delicately close to a harmony. I could still see the animals flawlessly flying above the sky either to end their day or to start it. It was quite bizarre to know that birds never stopped for one moment and pondered how alluring their home is. About an hour later, we stopped to rest on the biggest tree we could find, since it offered more protection. The tree was probably a hundred feet in height, and each branch was as massive as a king-sized bed.I helped Chris climb up to the tenth branch, while I climbed after, afraid that I might lose balance and fall from such height. My stomach growled angrily and my throat left completely dry. For some time, I thought I was about to die from hunger and dehydration, not counting numerous poisonous bugs and flies might be wandering somewhere around. My feet felt funny and tickled, so I looked down to my feet. Under there was a lengthy line of ants that w ere one inch in length. In front of me appeared six spider webs (but good thing the spider was not found). Behind me, I saw a long, about seven inches scorpion-looking creature.It was skinnier than a scorpion, but had eight extended, stick looking legs with a pale peach color. The legs moved around slowly similar to crab speed and it had huge black pepper eyes larger than three inches in diameter. On the right was a smelly crow with strange color eyes staring back at me. On the left were three earwigs three centimeter in size with pale yellow wings and cricket’s legs. The earwigs had oily dark brown skin and hard armor bodies like a flying cockroach. The fact that I could perceive the nature directly in the Amazon had virtually gave me an opened eye nightmare. Aaaaahhhh! Oh My Freakin’ God! What are these sickening things!? † I shouted more than talk and started jumping up and down to kill as much ants as possible. I deeply had abhorrence for animals and insects since I was a child. And now they were creeping right on my feet. â€Å"Calm down! I brought a mini Raid with me! † My cousin screamed after me and took a Raid and started spraying everywhere. I closed my eyes and still jumping around. The thump-thump-thump of my heart was beating at the same time as the thump-thump-thump of the creatures that were running away from us barbarians.I could now feel the dead animals lying on my feet. At least I was wearing socks. Thankfully my throat stopped me from puking. My senses came back after I tortured myself with my own ear-splitting screaming. I was more tired from shouting than walking a thousand of miles. Swiftly, I set back the moment when my cousin started spraying the insects on the branch and thought: What the hell? He brought a mini Raid? This boy literally had severe problems. â€Å"Why do you have mini Raid in your pocket? † I asked my cousin while we settled down on each side to sleep. I found it in the lobby and took it away for fun,† my cousin replied, laughing at the same time. What a strange kid! I thought to myself. We dozed off while gossiping about our family. From what I could recall, I had an undisturbed, peaceful sleep. My cousin held my hand tight like superglue that was spread all over his palms. I felt safe and less naked in this hard king sized branch bed. All the same, the image of fear still cleverly crossed my mind and his in every course of the way. I sluggishly opened my eyes when the sun shined agitated directly at me, reminding myself the earsplitting alarm clock at home.It seemed almost too odd to wake up in such a beautiful, mild morning. Around my views were little teardrops of sunshine squeezing through the limited space of the leaves. Suddenly, I heard noises of footsteps and then someone cried out, â€Å"We found them! † I was tired and dizzy to care. Someone shook my shoulder hard and yelled out my name. I began to wipe eyes, regained my strength and memor ies from yesterday. My eyes landed on the person that was calling my name. It was the hotel manager. He looked relieve and in some way seemed to be expert in finding people, especially when they were on the tenth branch.How many people had gotten lost in this forest? I began asking myself nonsense questions. For a moment, I did not want to come down due to the firing wrath of my parents I predicted when I got off the tree. Eventually I came down because I thought of my brothers and they must have gotten a worse punishment than me. â€Å"Are you crazy? Why did run in this forest? † My dad asked, in a quite calm tone. My mom, however, â€Å"Your cousin just might disappear with you! What were you thinking? Did you know how concern we were!? † She sounded like she could scream at any moment.She scolded me some more while my dad held my cousin, although I was too tired to hear anything. My brothers sat next to me back in the hotel, looking very guilty. After an hour of lec ture, we acted like nothing happened. I did not want to speak of my adventure in forest anyways. â€Å"You know you should have knocked on wood when you said, ‘let’s hope no one gets lost. ’† I told Percian when we were at the hotel’s pool. â€Å"How old school could you be? † He said, laughing hard. Being lost in a forest was a lot different than being lost in the streets. There was no corner to be indecisive whether to turn left or right.It was just a vast space of plants and animals. I recalled some memories when I imagined myself living for eternity in this forest and kidnapped by an Indian tribe. I recognized more about responsibility, thanks to the petrifying journey in the Amazon. I no longer depended on the thought that someone would always be there for me. My life lesson taught me to be careful with too much â€Å"fun. † I hated the moment when I, alone, had caused a chaos for not just myself, but also the people that are clos e. It gave me a natural instinct of thinking before anything and opening my eyes at all time.

Are Advertisements Aimed at Teenagers Effective? And, are They Ethical?

Questions to research: Are advertisements aimed at teenagers effective? And, are they ethical? My Response: Most advertisements aimed at teenagers are effective, but usually are not ethical. Most marketers have many ways of gathering information on teenagers spending habits and what is most important to teens. With this information they’re able to create advertisements that will appeal to most teens and create profit. Many people argue that some or most of these ads aren’t ethical because they will create a problem or insecurity and then give the solution to that problem in the form of their product.Teens will listen to other teens in ads. http://www. utalkmarketing. com/pages/article. aspx? articleid=14465&title=teens-will-listen-to-other-teens-in-ads Central Idea: The most effective ads show teens using and enjoying a product. The least effective were those that caused an emotional response. A teen’s acceptance of ads varies according to the media platform. The medium with the lowest teen ad acceptance was texting. The â€Å"Teen Advertising Study†, compiled with the help of the University of Massachusetts, showed that teens were more susceptible to online ads if they could relate to it and if they found it funny.Advertising to Teens http://suite101. com/a/advertising-to-teens-a14289 Central Idea: Marketers love teens because they easily spend money on â€Å"luxury† items such as clothing, electronics, and music. They mostly make their purchase decisions independently, have significant influence on family purchases, and companies know that once they have â€Å"branded† a child, they are likely to be customers for life. They reach kids by advertising in magazines, movies, TV shows, and on the internet. Companies get info about kids spending habits from internet â€Å"quizzes† and â€Å"surveys†.Marketers know how to capitalize on important teen issues and anxieties, like body image, peer acceptance, cooln ess, and need for power. Marketers often use a theme or attitude like sex or alcohol and drug use that seems to raise the â€Å"coolness factor† of their product. Advertising is so effective because it creates insecurities about things such as appearance. Successful ads convince the viewer that they have a problem and then offer the solution, which is the product they’re selling.This gives off the messages that teens aren’t good enough the way they are and many kids unwillingly buy into that message which is causing kids to grow up in the most materialistic society we’ve ever had. Most of the things that are advertised to teens do not promote healthy development.Central Idea: In one year, teens view more than 40,000 ads on TV alone while also being exposed to ads on the internet, in magazines, and in schools.Teens are often the main target for marketers because they are always willing to spend money on the newest â€Å"luxury† items. Teens strive t o have the newest electronics, clothing, and other overly advertised items. Marketers know how to target teen issues such as body image, peer pressure, and the need for acceptance. On average, teens are exposed to 3,000 ads per day. Teenagers, on average, spend $155 billion per year on advertised products, also influencing their parents to spend another $200 billion per year. Recent studies have shown tobacco companies use their ads to target teens as young as 13-years-old.Another major advertiser is the alcohol industry, using ads that feature young, attractive people drinking or posing with their beverages. Ads affect teen psychologically by exposing them to ads that suggest they are not what the entertainment business considers attractive. Ads can be harmful to teens by lowering their self-esteem. Children, Adolescents, and Advertising http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/118/6/2563. full Central Idea: Children and teens view 40,000 ads per year on TV alone even though the Children’s Television Act of 1990 limits advertising on children’s programming to 10.5 minutes/hour on weekends and 12 minutes/hour on weekdays.M-rated video games, which are not recommended for children younger than 17-years-old, are frequently advertised in movie theaters, video game magazines, and publications with high youth readership. Young people see 45% more beer ads and 27% more ads for hard liquor in teen magazines than adults to in their magazines. An increasing number of web sites try to get teens to make direct sales. More than 100 commercial websites promote alcohol products.Most advertisers use techniques that children and teens are more vulnerable to, like product placement in movies and TV shows, action figures, kid’s clubs, and celebrity endorsements. Sex is used in commercials to sell almost anything now. American ads constantly use thin female models, which contribute to the development of self-esteem issues in young girls. Thesis Statem ent With marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are. OutlineThe Ethics and Effectiveness on Advertising toward Teens Thesis statement: With marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are. I. Teens are being exposed to advertisements more each day. a. . Companies gather info about teens’ spending habits from internet â€Å"quizzes† and â€Å"surveys†. b. Children and teens view more than 40,000 ads per year on TV alone. c. More than 160 magazines are now targeted towards teens. II. Different factors will make an ad effective.a. Teen’s acceptance of ads depends on the media platform. i. Sponsorships of live events had the highest level of acceptance. ii. Text messaging had the lowest level of acceptance. b. Least effective ads were those tha t caused an emotional response.The advertising strategies marketers use have been shown to be unethicalM-rated video games are frequently advertised in movie theaters, video game magazines, and publications with high youth readershipYoung people see 45% more beer ads and 27% more ads for hard liquor in teen magazines than  adults to in their magazines.Advertising is so effective because it creates insecurities about things such as appearance.American ads constantly use thin female models, which contribute to the development of self-esteem issues in young girls.Gives off the message that teens aren’t good enough the way they are.Body Paragraphs I believe that the advertisements aimed at teens are effective, but unethical. Through a number of research tactics marketers are finding ways to keep up with the ever changing trends in teen culture.With the information they gather they’re able to produce advertisements that ultimately pressure their audience into buying their product. With marketers aiming their advertisements more towards teens every day, researchers are looking into how effective and ethical these advertisements really are. Technology based advertisements are effective among teens because of how often they are exposed to ads, the ads appeal to their lifestyles, and even sometimes pressure teens into buying their products. Advertisements have rapidly been integrated into the world around us.â€Å"Young people view more than 40 000 ads per year on television alone and increasingly are being exposed to advertising on the Internet, in magazines, and in schools. † Teens are heavily influenced by these ads because of how often they are exposed to them. Marketers are gathering information about teens’ spending habits through quizzes and surveys. ‘Teen Advertising Study’, which was compiled in conjunction with the University of Massachusetts, revealed that teens were more susceptible to online advertising if they co uld relate to it and if they found it funny. †With information like this they’re able to determine what type of ads would be effective on the teens of today. Different factors can make an ad effective, such as how they’re viewed and if it’s relatable to their audience. The most effective ads showed teens using and enjoying their product. For example, in this PlayStation 4 Interface commercial, you’re shown teens happy with their product and you’re given a glimpse of some features. This is considered an effective ad because it features the newest upgrade of their product, they’re being shown new features and games, and seeing other teens happy  with the product would give them a positive feeling about having it.This ad also shows both genders enjoying their product, suggesting they support both genders using the PS4. An example of an ineffective ad would be the Microsoft Surface commercial, in this commercial you can see people enjoyi ng their product but you’re not given a look at what their product can do. It’s a fun ad to watch, but it doesn’t provide enough information for a teen to considering buying their product. Lastly, many advertisements aimed at teens have been said to be unethical in order to be effective.Marketers will bring up a problem in their advertisement; this problem might be based on social status, then they will provide a solution in the form of their product. For example, in this Samsung Galaxy S4 commercial you see only younger people using their product while the older people are just learning about this product. This suggests that if you have their product you’d be cool and up to date with the world around you. This ad seems to guilt the target into thinking what they have isn’t good enough and their product would make them cooler. Conclusion In conclusion, I think advertisements aimed at teens are effective, but unethical.Teens are being exposed to adv ertisements more each day. Advertisements can be found all around them, in schools, online, through T. V. , etc. Marketers are constantly doing research to improve ads to be more appealing to their target audience, teens. Through the information they gather, they can create advertisements that will persuade their audience into buying their product. An effective ad would feature other teens enjoying their product. An effective, but unethical ad, would be an ad that brings up a problem, such as a teen’s social status, and then present a solution in the form of their product.

Fatal Attraction essays

Fatal Attraction essays Borderline Personality Disorder was displayed in Fatal Attraction. Alex Forrest had almost every symptom of this disorder. The most obvious symptom that she had was her impulsiveness with the affair that she had with Dan Gallagher. She also had frequent displays of inappropriate displays of anger and an intolerance of being alone. When she approached Dan with slit wrists, the symptom of recurrent suicidal gestures was apparent. Her feelings of emptiness and boredom were also exerted when she was sitting in her room and turning the lamp on and off while Dan and his family were out having fun. Alex obviously had this disorder and was not receiving treatment for it. This was what made the situations so intense and appalling. The movie Fatal Attraction let you into the mind of someone with this disorder so that you could observe it for yourself. There are many symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. Some of them include an unstable sense of self, chronic feeling of emptiness, suicidal or self-mutilating behavior. Pursuits of avoiding real or imagined abandonment, whether it be real or fictitious to the patient, unbalanced and intense relationships , temporary moodiness, irritability or apprehension are more symptoms. If five or more of these symptoms are found in an individual, it may indicate that they have Borderline Personality Disorder. This outrageous behavior may be changed if they attend group therapy, although this differs from person to person. It is said that peer reinforcement is more successful than one-on-one counseling. Group therapy only modifies the outrageous behaviors temporarily. Although medical treatments of drugs are available, such as antidepressant, antianxiety and antipsychotic medications, this isnt a permanent fix. Sometimes, hospitalization is needed. Prognosis, or expectations, is very poor for Borderline Personality Disorder. The expectations are poor because treatment isn&...

Quantum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantum - Coursework Example Consequently, LDA is generally related to functionals, which are based on HEG approximation. LDA are implemented in realistic systems measurements and calculations (for example, molecules and solids). In a general view, for a spin-unpolarized system, â€Å"LDA for the exchange-correlation energy is the following where  ?  refers to the  electronic density  and  ?xc, the exchange-correlation energy concentration, is a function of the density. The exchange-correlation energy is split into exchange and correlation terms in a linear view: thus separate expressions for  Ex  and  Ec  are defined. Separate expressions known for the correlation density lead to numerous different approximations for  ?c†. (Parr and Weitao, 1994) LDA is a part of any approximate exchange-correlation functional. Its main function is to â€Å"replicate direct results of the HEG for non-varying densities† (Parr and Weitao 1994, p. 35). As a result, LDA is often mentioned as an exp licit component of such kind of functional. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) Modern scientists and researchers are greatly concerned about updating GGA functionals in their implementation in molecules and solids. ... Currently, accents in â€Å"generalized gradient approximations are shifted toward the description of free-atom energies† (Perdew et al, 2008). A group of scientists, Perdew et al (2008) have transformed and â€Å"adapted the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation that updates equilibrium characteristics of dense solids and their surfaces† (Perdew et al, 2008). It is relevant to underline that the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof is a widely-used tool in solid state calculations. Consequently, a relevant note is that PBE is currently transformed with regard to GGA implementing both the density and its gradient at every space point (Perdew et al, 2008). If to correlate both concepts GGA and PBE, it will be clearly seen that GCA counterbalances â€Å"computational efficiency, numerical accuracy, and reliability† (Perdew et al 2008, p. 4068). Moreover, â€Å"PBE refers to the demands of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics† (Perdew et al 2008, p . 4068). Modern scientists think that it is necessary to ‘widen horizons’ of PBE implementation. Thus during the last decade it has been found out that â€Å"PBE reduces the chronic overbinding of the local spin density approximation (LSDA) [1], but, while LSDA often slightly underestimates equilibrium lattice constants by about 1%, PBE usually overestimates them by about the same amount† (Perdew et al 2008, p. 4070). Moreover, another important point of PBE properties is its equilibrium properties (e.g. bulk moduli, phonon frequencies, magnetism, and ferroelectricity). The abovementioned properties are susceptible to the lattice constant; thus they are ‘overcorrected’ by PBE (Perdew et al, 2008). Moreover, in spite of the fact that LSDA defines low

World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World History - Essay Example The country was divided as never before or since and it was seemingly the last time civilians bravely sacrificed themselves for a cause. The Vietnam War divided the nation along ideological battle lines. The older generation, the ‘establishment’, was of the WWII period and operated under a nationalistic perspective. They believed that to be a true patriot was to blindly follow the authority of the governmental powers that be, to support your ‘country’ even when you thought it was wrong. The young college protesters, the ‘new generation’, the counter-culture redefined this notion of patriotism. They believed that to be truly patriotic was to question the decisions of government and openly dissent when it was judged to be wrong. The philosophical chasm was wide and emotions ran deep on both sides. Those that protested sacrificed much. They suffered the scorn of their parents who couldn’t understand why their children were rebelling against the very foundation of their parents’ beliefs thus causing what was referred to as the ‘generation gap.’ Some war protesters were killed by soldiers of the National Guard as was the case at Kent State and South Carolina State. The protesters and draft-dodgers were thought of as anti-American by the mainstream citizenry who regarded their actions as nothing short of treasonous. This attitude makes one wonder what the ‘greatest generation’ thought they were fighting for during WWII. They fought to defend freedom on foreign soil but were very much opposed to the constitutionally guaranteed right to peacefully assemble in their own country (Bexte, 2002). The war protesters of the 1960’s had the courage to act upon their political and philosophical convictions unlike those who are opposed to the Iraq War today. The two conflicts are eerily similar on many fronts yet the public reaction has been very dissimilar. Then as now, those opposed to the war are

The Russian-speaking communities in Portland and NorthWest Pacific Research Paper

The Russian-speaking communities in Portland and NorthWest Pacific - Research Paper Example The Russian Americans are currently reported to be about three million currently. Most Russian Americans no longer speak Russian. This is because they are born and raised by English-speaking Russian American parents. Statistics however suggest that by the year 2007, Russian was the principal language used by about eight hundred thousand Americans based on U.S. census results in that year (Spickard 2007). Further statistics by the Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard submit that by 1990 there were over seven hundred thousand ethnic Russian Americans in the U.S.A. The Ukrainians and Carpatho-Rusyns who trace their ancestry to Carpathian Ruthenia in the 19th century and early 20th century also identify themselves as Russian Americans. The recent emigres often refer to these people as the starozhili which when translated means â€Å"old residents†. These â€Å"old residents† were most instrumental in establishing the Russian Orthodoxy religion in America (Marrows 1997). These ethnic Russian Americans have in the recent decades been assimilated into the American society and culture but their ethnic traditions are still very much alive and are observable primarily around the Russian Orthodox Church. 3. ... The first wave begun around the 18th century during which time the Russians who were expanding their territory begun venturing into northwest America areas in search of furs. Fort Ross was established in 1812 by members of the Russian American company (Marrows 1997). This was where they established a hunting and trading company. This company was wholly owned by Russia’s elite society referred to as the tsar. This company had been in business for about a century before the fort was built. The conditions that necessitated the immigrations of the Russian Jews in the 1800’s were quite squalid and could be compared to Ireland’s â€Å"throes of famine†. There abodes were sparsely furnished and overly crowded with sickly elderly relatives and malnourished children who had to share meager rations of food. Some of the areas were so devastatingly poor that residents had to make do with bread and water. In areas such as Galicia for instance, many Jews starved to deat h annually. Basic human rights such as the freedom of worship and legal autonomy of citizens were revoked prompting the emigration by the Russian Jews. For most of the peasant Jewish immigrants, the journey to America was extremely trying and quite a life threatening adventure. The steamships they used to cross were rather small and large numbers of these poor Russian Jews were crammed into the limited space. The conditions in the ships were despicable and these travelers had to contend with little rations of food and disease (Spickard 2007). The normal procedure was that the husband went to America and got a job after which he would save up and send for his wife and children back

Natural monopoly Essay Example for Free

Natural monopoly Essay This report studies what are the various sources of monopoly and real life examples for each source. It analyses how each of these businesses grew into a monopoly and substantiates the analysis with actual facts figures (wherever available). Methodology of study: The subject has been divided into sub-topics based on the source out of which the monopoly arises. The report begins with the introductory analysis of the monopoly functioning. Each source has then been studied with reference to one real life example followed by the conclusion. What defines a Monopoly – Its Characteristics: Profit Maximizer, Price Maker, High Barriers to Entry, Single seller, Price Discrimination: Major sources of monopolies: 1. Ownership of strategic resources: A monopoly is likely to arise if a firm has complete control over a key input or resource used in production. Famous example is diamond trade monopoly firm De Beers. 2. Government regulations: A government-granted monopoly (also called a de jure monopoly) is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or company to be the sole provider of a commodity. Potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement. 3. Patents: Patents grant the inventor the exclusive right to produce a product for 20 years (new worldwide patent period established with a 1995 GATT agreement). By granting the right to produce a new product without fear of competition, patents provide incentive for companies or individuals to continue developing innovative new products or services. For example pharmaceutical companies spend large sums on research and development and patents are essential to earning a profit. 4. Natural monopoly: A natural monopoly is a company that experiences increasing returns to scale over the relevant range of output and relatively high fixed costs. A natural monopoly occurs where the average cost of production declines throughout the relevant range of product demand. When this situation occurs, it is always cheaper for one large company to supply the market than multiple smaller companies. An early market entrant that takes advantage of the cost structure and can expand rapidly can exclude smaller companies from entering and can drive or buy out other companies. Monopoly through ownership of key resource: De Beers Diamonds are one of the worlds, and specifically Africa’s, major natural resources. An estimated US$13 billion worth of rough diamonds are produced per year, of which approximately US$8. 5 billion are from Africa (approximately 65%). Global diamond jewellery sales continue to grow, increasing three-fold in the past 25 years, and are currently worth in excess of US$72 billion every year. Chronology over which DeBeers has become one of the world’s most powerful monopolies:1. Ownership of all South African diamond mines: Smaller groups needing common infrastructure form diggers committees and small claim holders wanting more land merge into large claimholders to form larger ones. In no time, it could establish De Beers consolidated mines. 2. Supply and Demand control: The Diamond Trading Company has been formed. The mantra is: Create a scarcity of diamonds and high prices will follow. And while other commodities have seen price fluctuations over the years, diamonds prices have climbed since the Great Depression mostly. Demand has also been consistently good over the years irrespective of economic scenario. [pic] [pic] 3. Business model: De Beers and its Central Selling Organization established exclusive contracts with suppliers and buyers, making it impossible to deal with diamonds outside of De Beers. The structure remained the same for much of the 20th century: A De Beers subsidiary would buy the diamonds. De Beers would determine the amount of diamonds they wanted to sell, and at what price, for the whole year. How the monopoly functions: Sends invitations to 250 chosen clients to attend the 10 annual â€Å"sights â€Å"client receives a small box: uncut diamonds price of the box ($1-$25 million) client can only buy the whole box and he cannot resell it in a rough form. Thus, De Beers decides: How many diamonds of each quality will be distributed in total. How this supply will be divided among the clients and the Price of diamonds. 5. The creation of Debswana: A joint venture between the company and the nation of Botswana meant a significant shareholding claim in De Beers by the African country. 6. Marketing campaigns: Coined world famous marketing campaign, A diamond is forever† 7. Antitrust laws of US and conflict with various governments: During its initial years, it controlled over 90% of world’s diamond production but over time, it has lost its monopoly to various controversies and oppositions from countries with great stockpiles. [pic] Source: CNN Money Report 8. Statistical graphs showing how De Beers fared over years in its sales, production and profitability: [pic] Source: De Beers Group Website [pic] [pic] Source: Rapaport Trade Report [pic]. Above graph indicates how competitors have dampened the monopoly of DeBeers over the years. Like ALROSA, De Beers needs to be assured of a sustainable level of demand for its goods. Monopoly through govt. owned strategic resources: Coal India limited CIL is the worlds largest coal mining company both in terms of proven coal reserves and coal production. It is entirely owned by the union government, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Coal. It is involved in coal mining and production and contributes around 81. 1 per cent of Indias coal production. It produced around 431. 32 million tons of raw coal in fiscal 2011. CIL currently operates eight subsidiaries, of which, seven are involved in coal production while the eighth is Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) which is involved in mine planning and other consultancy services related to mining. The seven coal-producing subsidiaries of CIL: Eastern Coalfields Ltd (ECL) ,Bharat Coking Coal Ltd (BCCL),Central Coalfields Ltd (CCL),Northern Coalfields Ltd (NCL),Western Coalfields Ltd (WCL),South Eastern Coalfields Ltd (SECL),Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd (MCL)[pic] Outlook on demand, supply, and imports of non-coking coal and cooking coal in India over the next five years: CRISIL Research expects the total demand for non-coking coal to grow at 10 per cent CAGR over the next 5 years (2012-13 to 2016-17). Production of non-coking coal is expected to rise only at a CAGR of 7 per cent from 2012-13 to 2016-17. Consequently, imports are set to increase to 196 million tonnes by 2016-17 from 83 million tonnes in 2011-12. Growth in steel production through the blast furnace route and pig iron production are expected to increase coking coal demand, to 68 million tonnes in 2016-17 from 38 million tonnes in 2011-12 rising at 12. 4 per cent CAGR over the next five years. On the other hand, coking coal production is expected to rise to 60 million tonnes in 2016-17 at a CAGR of only 6. 6 per cent. CIL hike domestic coal prices in February 2011 Coal India Limited (CIL) has increased the prices of different grades of coking and non-coking coal with effect from February 28, 2011. For the first time in its history, CIL adopted a differential pricing approach by increasing the prices of coal for industrial end-use sectors such as steel, cement, paper, and aluminum, while effecting only a marginal increase in the prices of coal for deemed essential services such as power utility, fertilisers, and defense sectors. This differential pricing is intended to bring the prices of coal consumed by non-priority sectors in line with the international coal prices. Cement and sponge iron players to be affected. The Economic Survey has said that Coal India Ltds (CIL) â€Å"near monopolistic† position has also led to â€Å"supply bottlenecks†. Calling for infusing competition in the domestic coal sector, due to the CIL’s dominance there have been delays in development of new coal fields and inadequate emphasis on cost reductions at operational levels. [pic] Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) said the Government should take steps to end the monopoly of Coal India and allow private players in coal mining. As regards coal, today our imports are 15 per cent. By the end of the 12th plan, imports are going to be 28 per cent, he said, adding currently power plants with 22,000 MW capacities are suffering due to lack of availability of coal. What can be done to reduce monopoly of CIL India 1. The gap between demand for coal and domestic availability is widening at a faster pace. There is perhaps need to introduce competition in this sector India must bring in more private miners to develop coal reserves which majority state-owned Coal India Ltd has left untapped.. It will push up the cost of power generation and the resultant pressure on the regulated tariffs in the power sector. Therefore, both the factors should be considered. 2. Coal pricing is also a major issue. It has to be transparent, flexible and based on global norms. Monopoly through the ‘Patent’ way : In the highly competitive pharmaceuticals sector where development programmes last for years and have budgets ranging into six-figure sums, maintaining a monopoly position for an important drug is key to commercial success. Only by securing a monopoly can a company justify the very significant investment of time and funding into the pre-clinical and clinical development necessary to support the stringent requirements for grant of a marketing authorization. The mechanisms for achieving this include: †¢ Patent protection †¢ Supplementary protection certificate †¢ Data exclusivity †¢ Orphan drug status. The European framework for pharmaceutical regulation and authorization attempts to protect the investment of companies in their innovations by providing periods of so-called data exclusivity. The Food and Drug Administration can also protect the company’s exclusive access to the market, independent of the patents. Such exclusivity prevents FDA approval for a competing drug for up to seven years, depending on the type of drug. In addition to the market exclusivity and patents, drug companies already receive incentives to develop so-called orphan drugs used to treat rare diseases. These incentives include FDA research grants, tax credits for up to 50 percent of the cost of clinical research and a waiver of FDA fees. Fewer drug companies competing in a therapeutic class leads to fewer prescription drugs being developed within that class and allows the companies to use their patents and market exclusivity to further increase prices. Effect on price of the Drug before and after Patent expiry The following graph shows the effect on price of the drug when the patent gets expired and more and more generic manufacturers enter into the marketplace. Initially the price of the drug is very high but as patent gets expired and more manufacturers comes in the price of the drug falls[pic] Effect on revenues earned by company before and after patent expiry: The following graph depicts the effect of the revenues due to patent. Initially the revenues earned are in negative because of huge initial investment that is required for the launch. The next few years the revenues earned increases every year till the year when the patent gets expired and more players enter into the market and the revenue earned by the company goes down. [pic]. The case of Zyprexa : Zyprexa (olanzapine), an antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is an atypical antipsychotic medication by Eli Lilly. The patent of which got expired in October 2011, generated more than 20 percent of the company’s total revenue in the year-ago quarter. With new generics now competing in the market, revenue from the drug slid 44 percent to $749. 6 million from $1. 34 billion [pic] The case of Ambien (Zolpidem by Sanofi aventis): The first drug to compete with Ambien was Sonata (active ingredient Zaleplon) introduced to market in 1999, but did little to compete with Ambien. In fact, it did not even make the list of top 200 selling drugs from 2003-2007. By that time Ambien had already captured most of the United States insomnia market. Ambien and Sonata held the market until 2005 when Lunesta (active ingredient eszopiclone) was approved. Lunesta’s popularity steadily grew and sales remain around $900 million. All three drugs are structurally similar, and act on the same class of receptors. The sales of Ambien continued to stay strong until its patent expired in 2007. Shortly after, 13 generic drugs manufactures got approval to manufacture Zolpidem and the sales of Ambien fell from about 2 billion to less than 1 billion. [pic] Total yearly sales of Ambien and Lunesta. A case of Natural Monopoly: Indian Railways At the centre, there is a Union Minister of Railways, under whom there are two Minister of State for Railways. At the national level, the Railway Board is responsible for formulation of policies and effective operation of railways. Operating ratio was 91. 1 percent in 2010-11, improved to 95. 0 percent in 2011-12. How it became a monopoly: IR is a classic example of a public monopoly. Historically, this monopoly was a necessity since construction of railway infrastructure required large resources, investment involved long gestation periods and returns were uncertain. Capital Intensive venture, which can be understood from the fact that Indian railways has a separate budget each year 1. Economies of scale, as Indian railways operate all over India and thus have sufficient operating domain to achieve economies of scale which a new entrant cannot easily replicate 2. Government rules and regulations Factors that enabled railways to engage in price discrimination using up part of consumer surplus: 1. The products or services of Indian railways are not resalable and thereby restricts its discount customers to become resellers and benefit from arbitrage. 2. It has monopoly and hence is able to dictate the pricing terms and conditions to a greater extent, in spite of being owned and regulated by Indian government. Degrees of price discrimination, the tools that express monopolist’s power and capacity of price making: Second degree price discrimination: Usually monopolist sets the block prices, under which prices are highest for first block of quantity bought and it is reduced for each successive purchase. Indian railways charge for every kilometer which is reduced as one travels longer and longer. Thus a train ticket for the Rajdhani’s 1st AC between Bangalore to Delhi (Rs 4555) is lesser than the cost of two 1st AC tickets one from Bangalore to Nagpur (Rs 3245) and Nagpur to Delhi (Rs 2845). The cost differences are negligible if any for providing the same seat on the same train on same day. The price differences are much more than what can be explained by cost, hence this is a case of second degree price discrimination. | |Bangalore to Delhi |Bangalore to Nagpur |Nagpur to Delhi | |Rajdhani 1st AC fares |4555 |3245 |2845 |. * Source: www. irctc. co. in Third degree price discrimination: Here, price usually varies by attributes such as location of purchase, customer segment etc. Indian railways heavily employs third degree of price discrimination as below: |Train |Child (5-12 years) |Citizen (12 60 years) |Senior Citizen (M, F) | |Sampark Kranti |1873 |3560 |2548, 1873 | |Rajdhani |2330 |4555 |3220, 2330 | |Karnataka Express |1806 |3427 |2455, 1806 | |Discount Code |Description |Discount Percent | |SPORTN |Sports National Level |50% | |STDNT |Student Concession |50% | |TEACHR |Teacher |25% | |TLSMIU |Thalassemia Patient |50%. | |KIDNEU |Kidney Patients |50% | |YTH2SR |Unemployed Youth for Interview |100% | * Source: www. irctc. co. in Statistical data showing the indispensable monopoly of Indian railways: [pic] [pic][pic] Conclusion: Whilst we want to be in a perfect competition, sometimes it isn’t possible due to multiple constraints. Sometimes, it is also useful especially when it comes to cost efficiency in terms of natural monopolies. And then there are cases of strangle holding system to exert monopoly like De Beers. All these play different roles under different situations. Going by the examples we discussed, there may not be complete monopoly due to inherent monopoly’s inefficiencies and a constant push to improve market equilibrium for the social welfare of the society. References: 1. Unvieling the diamond industry – 2011 report – Bain and Company 2. www. diamondcouncil. org 3. http://www. businessinsider. com/history-of-de-beers-2011-12? op=1#ixzz25KFAEdXk 4. Crisil Research Report – Coal India Limited 5. Railway Budget Highlights 2011-2012, Govt. of India report. 6. www. irctc. co. in 7. Indian Pharmacy Society Report 8. Sanofi Aventis Annual Report.

A Safe Society Going Risky Sociology Essay

A Safe Society Going Risky Sociology Essay Nothing worth having in life is ever attained without taking risk (Nansen, 1927 p36). Nansen; a great Arctic Explorer and Nobel peace prize winner said this in his speech about the human need for excitement. Not only this man, but up to 50% of Norwegian people are willing to take risks in life (Norwegian national survey, 2003). The number of people participating in extreme sports seems to be growing (sportbusiness.com, xtremesport4u.com), as is the number of championships in these sports. It seems there is more news about extreme sports and there are more advertisements. An example of a recent risk taking event that made the news in the Netherlands is a thirteen year old girl who wishes to sail around the world on her own. The news of this girl became prime news and many different institutions interfered with the girls plan. The Dutch child protection tried to stop her. Eventually they succeeded; the girl was not allowed to execute her plan by court order. The example in the last paragraph shows a paradox; the contrast in risk-seeking behavior and the risk avoidance or risk minimization in national policies. Modern policies are aimed on risk avoidance, all risks should be minimized (Beck YEAR, Giddens YEAR, Breivik YEAR). Modern societies do this very obviously. Clear examples; bridges, car, airplanes, nuclear reactors, elevators, toys and electrical devices, all should be safe. People all need to behave according to guidelines (i.e. laws) if you do not you will end up in jail. Different kind of examples but good examples nevertheless are an organizer of a raft event was sued for being negligent when in 2007 two young women died when their raft slipped of a dam, insurance companies giving a discount on their insurance if enough smoke detectors and other safety equipment is present in a house, or the building of gas stations outside of urban areas and dozen more examples could be given. What these different exemplifies is a seemed tensi on between the deeply rooted need for excitement on one hand and the risk avoidance policies by societies nowadays. Where could this seemed tension come from? Elias and dunning (YEAR) write in their book -Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process- that modern society constitutes of routines and relative lack of risk. The comparison is made between Greek wrestlers and Roman boxers to modern ones in order to exemplify the extraordinary violence permissible in antiquity and the soft and rule controlled society of present time. There are also empirical data which raise questions about the theory that the quest for the excitement of sports is an escape from the routines of modern life. This data shows a difference between the ‘richer and the ‘poorer side of society. Poorer, more often the most routinized people (i.e. factory workers), seem less prone to look for excitement in sports than the less routinized richer people of society. On the contrary of this empirical data that thrill seeking, risk taking, sensation seeking and all other synonyms of people looking for excitement has been found to be a personality trait and therefore has genetic roots. The genes involved in this trait are closely related to major personality dimensions like extraversion and psychoticism (Eysenck Eysenck, 1977). A paper by Fulker, Eysenck, Zuckermann (1980) discards sensation seeking almost as a disease. ‘Sensation seeking was found to relate to both extraversion and psychoticism but not to neuroticism. The general pattern of relationships to other trait tests suggests that sensation seekers are impulsive extraverts, but not necessarily neurotic or anxious (Fulker et al., 1980 p262). There does not seem to be an at hand answer to the question: Does a safety-orientated society make people want to look for excitement in for example extreme sports? This is the research question for this paper. We hypothesize that a safety orientated society makes people want to look for excitement in for example extreme sports. This paper is a review of articles present about the raised topic and will try to get an insight in if, why and how people are looking for excitement nowadays. In the first chapter we described what we mean by a safety orientated society. In the second a definition is given of excitement and in the thirth excitement is related to risk. The fourth chapter explores whether extreme sports are truly sports. In paragraph one this is done from the perspective of autonomy, and in paragraph two from institutional embeddedness as proposed bij Tamboer Steenbergen (2007). Chapter five gives an answer to the question why people participate in extreme sport. The last chapter mentions in what way extreme sports are influenced bij our safety orientated society. In the conclusion we give answer to our main question. We do this literature study as an assignment of the Sport and Society course as a part of the Master Human Movement Sciences but the outcome of this paper could be meaningful to others interested in the human need for excitement. 1. A safety-orientated society As mentioned in the introduction the safety-orientated society does play a major part this research. Many examples have been given of this supposed risk avoidance society. But what is it and is the society that different than we world we lived in, in the past? Ulrich Beck, a respected sociologist, wrote about the risk society in 1998 (Beck, 1998; Kelman, 2003). Beck describes a risk society as risk avoiding because everything in daily live seem to be focused on risk. Society wants to know everything about risk and want to avoid every risk. All risks should be controllable, calculable and predictable. In other words each task, each product or each activity is at least statistical analyzed for hazards. Although this definition is useful to understand the term ‘risk society Beck and Giddens decided in a collaboration paper to extend the term risk society into six parameters of risk society. Every parameter is interconnected. The parameters are: the omnipresence of risk, risk is ev erywhere. At the very core reflexive modernity is characterized by an awareness of living in a society of increasing vulnerability to the unpredictable, unfamiliar and unprecedented risks manufactured by modern science and technology. Different understandings of risk, the proliferation of the risk definitions, the reflexive orientation to risk and risk and trust. These six parameters make the definition is more comprehensive, because †¦ Besides this cooperation between Giddens and Beck they did not agree completely. Giddens didnt settle with the first short definition. He insisted that ‘risk is not the same as hazard or danger. Risks refer to hazards that are actively assessed in relation to future possibilities (Giddens, 1999). Further contributions of the definition of risk have been made by Wells, Douglas, Luhmann, Joffe and Fox. They represent different disciplinary approaches to risk. To mention all these different approaches would be beyond the purpose of this paper . But the scope of the different authors may be clear. Modern society is a risk society because societies are focused on risk. Although we completely understand the point of view of the different authors we strongly believe that society is, for the same reasons as proposed by the authors, focused on creating a safe society. The reason why we chose for this contrast is based on our point of view. We have a propensity to look at this society as a safety-orientated society, because we feel that societies aim on safety. From this save society we look into the risks of extreme sports. This contributes to the contrast between these factors. Hereby we presume that a person who starts doing extreme sports started his live in this safety-orientated society (i.e. a predictable and therefore maybe boring society). The people who step out of the safety-orientated society to participate in an extreme sport; what are they looking for? 2. Excitement Zuckermann (1983 and 1994) wrote that some sports activities might provide a method by which sensation seekers satisfy their appetite for excitement. Potgieter and Bisschof took it a little further and proposed that sensation seekers are not interested in low risk and low excitement activities such as marathon running (Potgieter, Bisschof 1990). But what is this need for excitement? This chapter will provide a definition for the need of excitement and explain the sub factors that come forward from this definition. In his paper Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal Zuckerman provides a definition which fits seamless in this paper. He states the need for excitement as: ‘Look for excitement is a trait defined by the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experience(Zuckerman 1979, p.10). Between 1979 and the present there has been done much research on this topic. Other researchers added some dimensions and that is why (Zuckerman 1994, p.26) came with a new definition for looking for excitement: ‘sensation seeking is a trait defined by the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal and financial risks for the sake of such experience. Although this better defined definition there was still the need to define it into four sub factors which are: Thrill and Adventure seeking represents the desire to engage in sports or other physically risky activities that provide unusual sensations of speed or defiance of gravity, such as scuba diving or skiing. Experience seeking involves seeking of novel sensations and experience through the mind and senses, as arousing music, even psychedelic drugs, art and travel. Disinhibition describes the seeking sensations through drinking, partying, gambling and sexual variety. Items of this scale indicate seeking of stimulation through other persons. Boredom susceptibility items indicate intolerance for repetitive experience of any kind including routine work and boring people. 3. Excitement related to risk Can we relate look for excitement to risk? Is it a relation? Or can you have excitement without taking risks? If you relate excitement to extreme sport you can answer this question with yes. Besides this perspective, (Highhouse 1996) showed a view from the perspective of society. He uppers that risk could also be taken by threats and opportunities. Threats are related to loss and opportunities are related to gain. (Highhouse 1996) Present an interesting empirical study. This study concludes that people want to take risks but there is a clear leverage beneficial to threats. This basically means that i.e. Program A 400 people will die. Program B 1/3 probability that nobody will die 2/3 probability that 600 people will die. According to Highhouse people will chose for program A. The results typically reveal a framing effect with choices involving gains revealing more risk aversion. The example shows that not always excitement can be related to risk. This test clearly showed that people are risk avoidance. They dont grap the excitement to win 400 lives in fact they chose for not loosing another 200 people. According to (Zuckerman) sensation seeking is always related to risk he wrote biosocial trait of sensation seeking as a predictor of risk-taking behavior. There are good reasons for this as the sensation-seeking motive can illuminate why some people take risks and others do not, and several studies have shown the validity of the concept in this field. Zuckerman related to this concept , behavioral expressions of sensation seeking have not only been found in various kinds of risk-taking behaviors such as driving habits, gambling, health, financial activities, alcohol and drug use, sexual behavior and sports but the trait was found to be also involved in vocational preferences and choices, jobs satisfaction, social; premarital and marital relationships, eating habits and food preferences, creativity, humor, fantasy, media and art preferences and social attitudes. This list of Zuckerman covers all the four sub factors of the definition ‘look for excitement. 4. Extreme sports Many philosophers have askes themselves the questions: ‘what makes sport sport? and ‘what makes sports populair? Like ‘normal or ‘mainstream (Rinehart, 2005) sports, ‘alternative or ‘extreme sports are described by the use of these words while they are never clearly defined. In literature there has not yet been a comprehensive definition, although some have tried. Tamboer Steenbergen (2004) have proposed that sports can be seen from two different perspectives: from its autonomy and from its institutional embeddedness. For the use of this paper the difference between sports and extreme sports is explored by using these perspectives. Extreme sport and its autonomy Bernard Suits describes sport as similar to game and play, and he came up with the following definition (Meier, 1988): ‘to play a game is to engage in an activity directed towards bringing about a specific state of affairs (1), using only means permitted by rules (2), where the rules prohibit more efficient in favor of less efficient means (3), and where such rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity (4). This somewhat philosophic definition can be clarified by an extreme sport example. In downhill mountainbiking a competitor has to follow a specified set out course (1), he is only allowed to use a mountainbike which is approved by the competition organization (2), the course set out by the organization is more difficult than the easiest way down (3) but all competitors apply to these rules because this is the game/sport they are playing Meier (1988) wanted to distinguish sport from game and added a fifth element to the definitions. This fifth element is the demonstration of physical skill. Extreme sports can even better be described by this definition (i.e. think of all the extreme sports with a jury like halfpipe snowboarding, skateboarding, BMX, freestyle windsurfing), but there remain some characteristics which could make extreme sports different from other sports. Most sports that people call extreme are associated with taking (physical) risk. Extreme sports are about the mastering of a skill (Willig, 2008) to overcome the risks mostly caused or provided by the environment. Mastering a skill is highly individual and this makes extreme sports very indivually aimed sports. There is not even a need for an opponent in most cases because it is about the person mastering a skill or overcoming the dangers of the environment, the environment can be seen as the opponent. In extreme sport there are less rules then in many other sport. The natural surroundings make obstacles. This makes the second element in Suits definition of sports less appropriate for extreme sports (i.e. offpiste skiing or snowboarding this is often the most efficient way down). The risk that is associated with extreme sports could be a factor that makes these sports more exciting or more sensational than other sports (or other activities). Also the environment in which these sports take place can account for the feeling of excitement and therefore be a reason to do an extreme sport. Extreme sports and its institutional embeddedness The national and international championships that are organized for many kinds of extreme sports show that there is an institutional embeddedness. Mountainbiking and windsurfing are even at the Olympic sports and are regularly seen on TV. According to Rinehart (2003) extreme sport is mostly developed by young people who are looking for excitement. After this first phase entrepreneurs starting to get in the sport by two ways: firstly businesses develop gear and products, which reduce the risk of an extreme sport. And secondly the sport becomes popular by magazines and TV programs. The results of entrepreneurs who enter the extreme sport is that it becomes popular in general and possible to do for the safe society. A second distinction between extreme sport and a mainstream sport is that the persons who are doing extreme sports aligning themselves with sport in addition to a lifestyle. Which again opens a new market for business ventures and entrepreneurs i.e. clothes and drinks such a s Red bull. These institutions want something to say about the sport. They all profit when extreme sports becomes bigger. There will be more media attention, more sponsors, and more people to buy their products. Extreme sport is highly dependent on expensive material, so as for instance in cycling good material is a never ending business. Could this be the reason for the problem Elias and Dunning proposed? As mentioned in the introduction extreme sports are often done by the ‘richer members of society. This is easily explained by the highly dependence of expensive materials. The members that can afford to escape the routinized boring society. Extreme sport is surrounded by the concept of lifestyle. Extreme sport is not just participating in the sport activity but also in de kind of life that is a part of this sport. In many of these sports, but for instance bicycle motorcross (BMX) and surfing, ‘chilling is a part of the lifestyle. This lifestyle can be seen in de clothe s that people wear, the drinks, the shoes, sunglasses and caps or scarfs. 5. Participation in extreme sports Because it seems extreme sport has become very populair but is also associated with risk (for physical harm or even death) there is the question: ‘Why do people want to participate in extreme sport? Extreme sport seems to distinquish themselves from other sport because of the risk involved. Could it be possible that participators do so because of the risk? And do they need this in order to escape our (boring) safety-orientated society? Taking risk is associated with thrill- and sensation-seeking behavior. This would mean that people are taking risk because of the excitement that comes with it. As mentioned before, in Zuckermans definition of sensation risk-taking behavior is not an essential part, people are only willing to take the risk to experience the sensation. It is possible to experience excitement without risk. Whether people want to experience excitement with or without risk is dependent from the situation. Highhouse (1996) showed risk is perceived as an opportunity when in a loss position, but as a threat when in a gain position. Perceptions of threat or opportunity could have effects on risk taking (Highhouse, 1996). Catar (2006) proposes there is a difference between real risk and perceived risk. Real risk a numerical estimation of the likelihood of an event and perceived risk is influenced by cultural factors. In adventure tourism (activities like bungeejumping, raften, paragliding, etc.) 94% of the participants found there was a very low or non-existent possibility for los, which ment that almost everybody thought the activity was without risk (Catar, 2006). Besides this, the participants evaluate the activities in relation tot the risk of everyday experiences, like driving a car at high speed (Catar, 2006). There can be concluded that de perceivement of risk is dependent on situational factors, and that people do not seek risk but the experience of sensation. Catar (2006) states: ‘Although participants are safe in this knowledge of an outcome, there is no knowlegde as to what the experience might feel like, which is where the attraction really lies. This experience might be so different from everyday experiences, and in combination with an outstanding environmental view the reason for people to participate in extreme sport. At this point rises the question wheter extreme sport is still extreme without the risks involved. And do the experience and environment make extreme sport different from other sports? There are also empirical data which raise questions about the theory that the quest for the excitement of sports is an escape from the routines of modern life. If this is the case, and it certainly seems plausible, how can we explain the well-attested fact that the advantaged rather than the disadvantaged members of society are more likely to do and to watch sports? In other words, those whose lives are least routinized, e.g., professionals, are more likely to seek excitement in sports than those whose lives are most routinized, e.g., factory workers. Perhaps the answer lies in the kinds of sports that are popular with different groups of people. Before people participate in new activities there are two very important elements that must be met. First, people have to be aware of the existence of the activity and the possibility to participate. And, secondly, people have to be in the circumstances that it is possible for them to participate in terms of time, skill, and money. Most extreme sports are quite new and many people are probably unaware of the existence of these activities. By television, advertisments, and stories from friends they become acquinted with the new sports. But before people decide to take part in these sports they have to be in de right circumstances to do so. Most material is very expensive, and there are many sports that cannot be done anywhere. For mountainbiking their have to be tracks or a natural environment, for skiing snowy mountains are needed, for surfing their have to be big waves etc. People who are looking for these circumstances can probably be called sensation-seekers. Donnelly (2006) point out that the way in which research has been done on extreme sports often only includes the core participants. Their mode of participation has come to be called ‘authentic in contrast to the participation of so-called wannabes, posers and nonparticipants. Their relationship with extreme sport is a commercial one. The identification with extreme sport relies for a big part on the adoption of the related lifestyle (Donnelly, 2006). This points out what big influence media, advertisements and groups have on people. And it shows that there are very different kinds of people who participate in extreme sport. Of course this is also the reason why there isnt a simple answer to the question why people do extreme sport. Extreme sport may be so popular in contrast to other sport because most participants are attracted to the lifestyle, the products and may not even be practising the sport itself. 6. Are extreme sports under influence of the safety-orientated society? It could be concluded from chapter 5 that there is a safety-orientated society because people are looking for safety. It is not only our society, but people arent looking for the risk of death of great physical harm. When there are many people who want to take part in extreme sports, safety has to be guaranteed. But when extreme sport becomes safer, there will be more people who want to take part. It seems extreme sport has a very succesfull image which has been made by media and companies. Advertisements and the way the media shows extreme sport make it sound very exciting. But these sports also have a lifestyle that is known as chilling and relaxing. Not only the sport itself but also the special places to go for participating in that sport make it also special and exciting. In this way extreme sport mirrors our safety orientated society. Because the risks have decreased, and physical safety is assured, people can seek their needed thrills and sensation in extreme sport. Conclusion Does a safety-orientated society make people want to look for excitement in for example extreme sports? Our safety-orientated society makes it possible for all kinds of people to seek excitement in extreme sports. Implications Government: If you want excitement then please do an extreme sport instead of experimenting drugs and alcohol because being physically active keeps you healthy and thats safe! References Donnelly, M. (2006). Studying extreme sports: beyond the core participants. Journal of sport and social issues, 30, 219 Elias, N. Dunning, E. (1986). Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Fulker, Eysenck Zuckerman, M. (1980). A Genetic and Environmental Analysis JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 14, 261-281 Highhouse, S. Yuce, P. (1996). Perspectives, perceptions, and risk-taking behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 65, 159-167 http://www.xtremesport4u.com/extreme-sport/extreme-sport-growing-in-popularity/ http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/143916/surge-in-popularity-of-extreme-sports Meier, K.V. (1988). Triad Trickery: Playing With Sport and Games. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, XV, 11-30. Nansen (1927) ‘Adventure, in G. Breivik, THE QUEST FOR EXCITEMENT AND THE SAFE SOCIETY, journ. Safety science Potgieter, J., Bisschoff, F., 1990. Sensation seeking among medium and low risk sports. Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, 1203_/1206. Stranger, M. (1999). The aesthetics of risk. A study of surfing. International review for the sociology of sport, 34 (3), 265-276 Tamboer, J. Steenbergen, J. (2004). Sportfilosofie. Nederland, Budel: Uitgeverij DAMON. Willig, C. (2008). A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in extreme sports. Journal of health psychology, 13, 690 Zuckerman, M., 1983. Sensation seeking and sports. Personality and Individual Differences 4, 285_/292. Zuckerman, M., 1994. Behavioral Expression and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. Cambridge University Press, New York. Zuckerman, M. (1979): Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ruch, W. Zuckerman M. ( ). Sensation seeking in adolescence. Hoofdstuk 1